#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-


class MyClass:
    """This is the more sensible (intended) way to use classes."""

    variable = "class variable, not instance variable"

    def function(self, varin: int) -> None:
        """Function that can be called from instance"""
        print("This is a message inside the class.")
        # The self below exists because it was a parameter
        # The name self is just convention.
        # The first variable to a function is a hidden ref to the calling obj.
        # This variable is only created when the function is called from an instantiated object.
        self.instancevar = "instance var, not class var"
        print(varin)


# Note the type hint (our custom class)
myobjectx: MyClass = MyClass()
print(myobjectx.variable)

# self is a hidden argument of the object itself, myobjectx
myobjectx.function(4)
print(myobjectx.instancevar, "exists now")

# This is the same, but explicit:
MyClass.function(myobjectx, 5)

myobjecty: MyClass = MyClass()

myobjecty.variable = "changed? no, just makes class hidden"
print(myobjecty.variable)

print(MyClass.variable)
MyClass.variable = "now really changed"
print(MyClass.variable)
print(myobjecty.variable)

print(myobjecty.__dict__)
print(MyClass.__dict__)

# Then print out both values
print(myobjectx.variable)
print(myobjecty.variable)

# NOTE: If you used a mutable list as a class variable,
# and modified it within an instance, similar to how we did above,
# it would not behave the same!

# self.whatever in a method (function) is for an instance/object variable
# ClassName.whatever is a class variable, in a function or not
# https://pythontips.com/2013/08/07/the-self-variable-in-python-explained/
# https://www.programiz.com/article/python-self-why
# As The Zen of Python goes, "Explicit is better than implicit".