#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
@author: taylor@mst.edu
"""
# %% Numeric bases and text encoding

"""
int(x [,base])
Converts x to an integer.
The base specifies the base if x is a string.
"""
# binary string, base 2
print(int("101101", 2))

"""
bin(x)
Returns binary representation of integer
"""
print(bin(45))

"""
chr(x)
Converts an integer to a character.

ord(x)
Converts a single character to its integer value.

hex(x)
Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.

oct(x)
Converts an integer to an octal string.
"""

# Simple low level conversions:
print(ord("a"))  # letter to integer
print(chr(97))  # integer to character
print(bin(4))  # integer to binary
print(bin(ord("a")))  # letter to binary
print(int("0b1100001", 2))  # binary to integer (from base 2)
print(int("1100001", 2))  # binary to integer (equivalent to above)
print(int("0xBEEF", 16))  # hex to int (from base 16)
print(int("ff", 16))  # hex to int (equivalent)
print(hex(37))  # int to hex
print(hex(int("010101", 2)))  # binary to hex

# At byte level
print(bytes("anystring", "utf-8"))  # string to bytes
print("anystring".encode())  # string to bytes (same)
print(b"anystring".decode())  # bytes to string
print(b"anystring".hex())  # bytes to hex
print(bytes.fromhex("beef"))  # hex to bytes

i = 16
print(i.to_bytes(1, byteorder="big", signed=True))  # int to bytes
print(int.to_bytes(16, 1, byteorder="big", signed=True))  # int to bytes (same)
print(int.from_bytes(b"\x00\x0F", byteorder="big"))  # bytes to int
print(int(b"\x00\x0F".hex(), 16))  # bytes to int
print(bytearray("anystring", "utf-8"))  # string to mutable bytes

"""
Bitwise operators
"""
a = 5
print(bin(a))
b = 12
print(bin(b))

"""
&
Binary AND
Operator copies a bit, to the result, if it exists in both operands
"""
print(a & b)

"""
|
Binary OR
It copies a bit, if it exists in either operand.
"""
print(a | b)

"""
^
Binary XOR
It copies the bit, if it is set in one operand but not both.
"""
print(a ^ b)

"""
~
Binary Ones Complement
It is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
"""
print(~a)
print(~b)

"""
<<
Binary Left Shift
The left operand's value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
"""
print(a << b)

"""
>>
Binary Right Shift
The left operand's value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
"""
print(a >> b)

# Binary operations
a = 60  # 60 = 0011 1100
b = 13  # 13 = 0000 1101
c = 0

c = a & b  # 12 = 0000 1100
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a | b  # 61 = 0011 1101
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a ^ b  # 49 = 0011 0001
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ", c)

d = 49 ^ b  # 49 = 0011 0001
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ", d)

c = ~a  # -61 = 1100 0011
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a << 3  # 240 = 1111 0000
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ", c)

c = a >> 2  # 15 = 0000 1111
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ", c)
# The bit shifts just run off the edge

# To determine if a number is even/odd faster than num % 2
num = int(input("Type a number, press enter: "))
if num & 1:
    print("odd")
else:
    print("even")